The government may invalidate a unions legal status if authorities perceive its objectives to be contrary to the established institutional system, public order, good morals, law, or regulations in force. 1956-06-28: The three northern departments of 1955 were restored and given the status of igamies. At the beginning of the 20th century, Algeria was a French colony. Amnesty International and other human rights organizations criticized the law prohibiting unauthorized gatherings and called for its amendment to require only notification as opposed to application for authorization. Exploiters of child labor used methods allegedly learned via the internet to increase their mistreatment of children. The population of the province, which has an area of 1,102 square kilometers, is 1,002,937 according to 2008 data. It reported the discovery of four minorsdown from 12 the year before. In most cases, the NGOs continued to hold their meetings and police came to the hotels to end the gatherings. These observers, among others, pointed to the law as a significant source of arbitrary arrests intended to suppress political activism. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. WebDeputy Secretaries of State. The ministry maintained that organizations that were refused accreditation or that did not receive a response within the specified time period could appeal to the State Council, the administrative court responsible for cases involving the government. The provinces later became divisions. The provinces are subdivided into 160 dayrat (sub-prefectures), and further into 1,541 municipalities. Attempts by new unions to form federations or confederations suffered similar challenges. Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. provinces. The governments actions included harassment of some critics; arbitrary enforcement of vaguely worded laws; informal pressure on publishers, editors, advertisers, and journalists; and control of an estimated 20 percent of the countrys advertising money and printing capabilities. made the national language. Due to this law, after the legislative elections of 2012, women held approximately 32 percent of seats (146 out of 462) in the National Peoples Congress. Penalties for violations of the rights of union members range from fines of DZD 10,000-50,000 ($85-$425) for first offenses or DZD 50,000-100,000 ($425-$850) and 30 days-six months in prison for repeat offenses. There is no single office charged with this task, but all labor inspectors are responsible for enforcing laws regarding child labor. Women did not often have exclusive control over assets that they brought to a marriage or that they earned. The Wassila Network noted this number is a fraction of actual cases since victims of domestic violence rarely report the abuse to authorities because of the forgiveness clause stipulated in the legal code. Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and other Unlawful or Politically Motivated Killings, c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, f. Arbitrary or Unlawful Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence. ), 27.5% of GDP (2017 est. Family connections and status of the parties involved influenced decisions. now more prevalent in English (and French). Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics, though it is falling out of favor with the youth. Authorities arrested Fekhar in 2015 and held him for 22 months without a trial. 1962-07-01: Algeria became independent from France. Authorities generally transferred pretrial detainees, after presenting them before the prosecutor, to prisons rather than holding them in separate detention facilities. Other organizations reported they never received any written response to their application request even after calling the ministry and trying to register at local police stations. While the Ministry of Interior oversees the accreditation process for most associations, the president of a local assembly approves applications for communal associations. The law provides detainees the right to see an attorney for 30 minutes if the time in detention has been extended beyond the initial 48-hour period. The law limits the grounds for pretrial detention and stipulates that before it can be imposed, a judge must assess the gravity of a crime and whether the accused is a threat to society or a flight risk. A variety of domestic human rights groups operated with varying degrees of government restriction and cooperation. With lower oil prices since 2014, Algerias foreign exchange reserves have declined by more than half and its oil stabilization fund has decreased from about $20 billion at the end of 2013 to about $7 billion in 2017, which is the statutory minimum. The Polisario (through the Sahrawi Red Crescent Society), UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF, and partner NGOs provided basic services including food aid, primary health care, and primary and secondary education, while the government invested heavily in developing the camps infrastructure and also provided free secondary and university educations, as well as advanced hospital care, to Sahrawi refugees. 1870-10-24: By decree No. Section II. The government continued to deny recognition to the General Autonomous Confederation of Workers in Algeria (CGATA), an independent trade union confederation that includes public and economic sector unions and committees. More than 100,000 Sahrawis are estimated to be living in five refugee camps in southwestern Algeria near Tindouf. The government occasionally offered to mediate disputes. According to his lawyers, authorities have not provided any evidence to support the charges. Defamation laws specify that former members of the military who make statements deemed to have damaged the image of the military or to have harmed the honor and respect due to state institutions may face prosecution. )-$18.187 billion (2020 est. York, 1991. Libel/Slander Laws: NGOs and observers criticized the law on defamation as vaguely drafted and said the definitions in the law failed to comport with internationally recognized norms. Intelligence activities fall under three intelligence directorates reporting to a presidential national security counselor and performing functions related specifically to internal, external, and technical security. the ANP has played a large role in the countrys politics since independence in 1962, including coups in 1965 and 1991; it was a key backer of BOUTEFLIKAs election in A separate law provides for up to three years imprisonment for publications that may harm the national interest or up to one year for defaming or insulting the president, parliament, army, or state institutions. In September 2017 Algerian National Front party leader Moussa Touati stated that his party paid bribes in order to secure its single seat in parliament. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: a. ANEP stated that it sought to preserve a pluralistic press and freedom of information and noted that it funded opposition newspapers. The Ministry of Labor audited 218 organizations and found that 89 companies did not respect the 1-percent quota. In May 2017 Fekhar was sentenced to five years imprisonment but in July 2017 a court in Medea reduced that sentence to two years. Opposition candidate Benflis rejected the results and claimed that fraud marred the elections. ), Algerian dinars (DZD) per US dollar -135.064 (2021 est. According to the law, police must obtain a summons from the prosecutors office to require a suspect to appear in a police station for preliminary questioning. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 30% of GDP, 60% of budget revenues, and nearly 95% of export earnings. Touggourt. Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Ahmadi Muslims, Shia Muslims, Ibadi Muslims) <1% (2012 est.). Fekhar was released shortly thereafter, two years after his initial arrest. Recent Elections: Presidential elections took place in 2014, and voters re-elected President Bouteflika for a fourth term. There were no reports that the government granted refugee status and asylum to new refugee applicants during the year. After making a determination, the ministry notifies the customs service of the decision to allow or ban the importation of the publication. The law contains occupational health and safety standards that were not fully enforced. Improvements: Authorities improved prison conditions to meet international standards. On August 12, about 30 members of the Mouwatana movement held a sit-in in Algiers to denounce the fifth term of President Bouteflika. The DGAPR separates vulnerable persons but provides no consideration for sexual orientation. Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons, a. The law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their care to marry against the minors will. The government took steps to investigate, prosecute, or punish public officials who committed violations. Although several total petroleum systems may exist within the Illizi Province, only one composite total petroleum system is identified. The administrative division into departments and territories was based on French practice. See the Department of StatesAnnual Report on International Parental Child Abductionathttps://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. Construction workers and domestic workers were reportedly vulnerable. According to AP reports, some migrants died during the 20-kilometer desert march. Pretrial Detention: Prolonged pretrial detention remained a problem. )note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports. An annex was the area dominated by a fort, and was part of a cercle. The Sahrawi refugees had not sought local integration or naturalization during their 40-year stay in the refugee camps near Tindouf, and the Polisario Front continued to call for a referendum on independence in Western Sahara. During the year, the CNDH organized seminars and workshops on topics such as penitentiary reform and trafficking in persons. The ministrys Media Directorate is responsible for issuing and renewing accreditations to foreign media outlets operating in the country. The ministry has not confirmed receipt of fine payment. For the first two thirds of the 20th century, Algeria's high fertility rate caused its population to grow rapidly. )imports of goods and services: -35.8% (2017 est. )permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est. )industrial: 191 million cubic meters (2017 est. note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. According to the Ministry of Justice, approximately 12 percent of the prison population was in pretrial detention. islands in the harbor (now connected to the mainland by jetties). Those determined by UNHCR to have valid refugee claims were primarily from the DRC, Cote dIvoire, Iraq, and the Central African Republic. [2] Masson, Jean-Louis. Under provisional liberty status, authorities subjected suspects to requirements such as reporting periodically to the police station in their district, stopping professional activities related to the alleged offense committed, surrendering all travel documents, and, in some terrorism-related cases, residing at an agreed-upon address. It was unclear whether authorities followed the law in all cases since local authorities had significant discretion and the government did not maintain nationwide statistics. Global AIDS Coordinator and Global Health Diplomacy, Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Office of the U.S. Subsequent reforms to the national electoral law introduced open list voting to curb corruption. Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, Academic seminars generally occurred with limited governmental interference. Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia, total: 2,381,740 sq kmland: 2,381,740 sq kmwater: 0 sq km, slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas, total: 6,734 kmborder countries (6): Libya 989 km; Mali 1,359 km; Mauritania 460 km; Morocco 1,941 km; Niger 951 km; Tunisia 1,034 km, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm, arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer, mostly high plateau and desert; Atlas Mountains in the far north and Hoggar Mountains in the south; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain, highest point: Tahat 2,908 mlowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 mmean elevation: 800 m, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc, agricultural land: 17.4% (2018 est. Usually this division happens for administrative reasons but the bases on which a country can be divided into states are myriad. 1957-05-20: Thirty-four new arrondissements were created. The remote location of the camps and lack of government presence resulted in a lack of access by police and courts. state province algeria. )industry: 39.3% (2017 est. The ministry has 30 days to review the importation application; in the absence of a response after 30 days, the importer may proceed with distribution of the publication. which in turn were subdivided into communes. Notably, terrorists killed seven soldiers in an ambush on July 30 in Skikda. List of Algerian provinces by area This article has been translated from the Journalists from independent print and broadcast media expressed frustration over the difficulty of receiving information from public officials. Religious texts distributed without authorization may be seized and destroyed. U.S. exports to Algeria totaled $1.2 billion in 2005, an increase of more than 50% since 2003. This movement accelerated during World War I, when Algerians filled in for French factory workers or served as soldiers. Women enjoyed rights equal to those of men concerning property ownership, and property titles listed female landowners names. Although ANEP said in September that it represented only 19 percent of the total advertising market, nongovernmental sources assessed the majority of daily newspapers depended on ANEP-authorized advertising to finance their operations. The government allowed international observation of the elections but did not permit local civil society organizations to do the same. Prison sentences for rape range from five to 10 years, and authorities generally enforced the law. )2.42% (2020 est. FIPS 10-4 Change Notice 12, dated 2007-06-11, showed the new provinces. Although the government did not renew the accreditation of LADDH, the organization had members countrywide, received independent funding, and was one of the most active independent human rights groups. Women faced discrimination in employment. The law does not extend antidiscrimination protections to LGBTI persons based on of sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics. Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining, b. The judiciary was not impartial and was perceived by some observers to be subject to influence and corruption. Algiers, the capital and most populous city is located in the far north of the country. The Ministry of Justice said the agency was subject to all existing judicial controls that apply to law enforcement agencies. Few government buildings were accessible to persons with disabilities. The NGOs reported harassment and threats of imprisonment by government authorities. The government maintained undue media influence and opposition political parties claimed they did not have access to public television and radio. ), Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km), Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin, North Western Sahara Aquifer, Taoudeni-Tanezrouft Basin, the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this population distribution map, mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season; droughts, largest country in Africa but 80% desert; canyons and caves in the southern Hoggar Mountains and in the barren Tassili n'Ajjer area in the southeast of the country contain numerous examples of prehistoric art - rock paintings and carvings depicting human activities and wild and domestic animals (elephants, giraffes, cattle) - that date to the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, when the region was completely vegetated, Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools. Police arrested blogger Merzoug Touati in January 2017 on charges stemming from his online publication of an interview with a former Israeli diplomat. Aumale (department no. Thousands of Algerian peasants - mainly Berber men from the Kabylia region - faced with land dispossession and economic hardship under French rule migrated temporarily to France to work in manufacturing and mining during the first half of the 20th century. In May a court sentenced him to 10 years in prison. 1958-03-17: Sada department created by taking parts of Oran, Saoura, and Tiaret departments. With independence, Arabic was Laws prohibiting parental abduction do not penalize mothers and fathers differently, and the punishment for convicted kidnappers includes the death penalty. The law also stipulates penalties that include imprisonment of two months to two years and fines of DZD 500 to DZD 2,000 ($4.25 to $17) for anyone convicted of having committed a homosexual act. If a minor is involved, the adult may face up to three years imprisonment and a fine of DZD 10,000 ($85). Temporary Protection: The law does not address formal temporary protection, but authorities provided informal, temporary protection to groups such as Syrians and Malians. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. Sub-Saharan African migrants came to Algeria after its civil war to work in agriculture and mining. ), total: 3,790,459 (2020 est. NGOs reported that employers refused jobs to LGBTI persons, particularly men perceived as effeminate. Security forces dispersed political opposition rallies and interfered with the right to organize. Refoulement: The government provided some protection against the expulsion or return of refugees to countries where their lives or freedom would be threatened because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. A nonresponse after this period of time is considered a rejection. )proven reserves: 59 million metric tons (2019 est. ), production: 87,853,976,000 cubic meters (2019 est. 1957-07-01: New department codes assigned to the thirteen departments. Several members were arrested on September 13 in Bejaia, including the leader of political party Jil Jadid, Soufiane Djilali. Representatives of the National Autonomous Union for Public Administration Personnel (SNAPAP) stated that the union continued to function without official status. Authorities enter the medical certificate into the detainees file. The Ministry of Culture can also require a full content review of books on other topics if it chooses. 2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Algeria, An official website of the United States Government. While this legal mechanism exists, the high demand for employment in the country gave an advantage to employers seeking to exploit employees. During the year, the government deported migrants to Mali. Many persons with disabilities faced challenges in voting due to voting centers that lacked accessible features. UNHCR, the World Food Program (WFP), UNICEF, the Algerian Red Crescent, the Sahrawi Red Crescent, and other organizations assisted Sahrawi refugees. The Ministry of Labor conducted inspections and in some cases investigated companies suspected of hiring underage workers. Algeria is divided into 48 wilayat (provinces; sing. The law does not explicitly prohibit discrimination with respect to employment based on sexual orientation, HIV-positive status, or religion. These shelters assisted with approximately 220 cases of violence against women during the year. Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. The Information and Documentation Center on the Rights of Children and Women, a network of local organizations that promoted the rights of women, managed call centers in 15 provinces. provinces, with external capitals Alger, Constantine, and Oran. )services: 47.4% (2017 est. Boumerds formed from parts of Alger and Tizi Ouzou; El Bayadh split from Sada; El Oued split from Biskra; El Tarf Corruption throughout the government stemmed largely from a lack of transparent oversight. administration, the country was divided into dpartements (departments), which were subdivided into arrondissements, When Algeria was under French administration, the official division names were in French. Other refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants had access to free public hospitals, but independent NGOs reported instances of migrants turned away. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. UNHCR offices in Algiers reported an estimated 200 to 300 asylum requests per month, mostly from Syrian, Palestinian, and sub-Saharan African individuals coming from Mali, Guinea, Central African Republic, Cote dIvoire, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Generally speaking, the civil According to a 2012 law, at least 33 percent of seats in elected assemblies are reserved for women. Nongovernmental observers believed pretrial detainees comprised a significant portion of the total detainee and prisoner population but did not have specific statistics. 1905-08-14: Territoires du Sud organized into four territories: An Sefra, Ghardaia, Oasis (no capital), and In addition, six private domestic television channels, 12 foreign broadcasting channels, and one foreign radio stationthe BBCoperated throughout the year. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and other NGOs criticized the governments use of the law to restrict peaceful assembly. ), electrification - total population: 99.4% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 99.6% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 97% (2019), installed generating capacity: 21.694 million kW (2020 est. The government devoted increasing resources and attention to it. Arabic: al-Jumhuriya al-Jazairiya ad-Dimuqratiya ash-Shabiya (formal), Dutch: Algerije, Democratische Volksrepubliek Algerije (formal), English: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria (formal), Norwegian: Den demokratiske folkerepublikk Algerie (formal) (Bokml), Den demokratiske folkerepublikken Algerie (formal) (Nynorsk), Algerie, Russian: , (formal), Turkish: Cezayir Demokratik Halk Cumhuriyeti (formal), Bchar: after Wadi Bashshar, possibly from Arabic, Bjaa: ethnic name, possibly from Arabic, Constantine: rebuilt in 311 by Roman emperor Constantine the Great, El Oued: = the Wadi (intermittent stream), Stif: ancient Sitifi, possibly from Berber. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 4,100 bbl/day (2018 est. An NGO reported that LGBTI men were targeted more often than are women. split from Sada; Relizane split from Mostaganem; Souk Ahras split from Guelma; Tindouf split from Bchar; Tipaza In 2002-02, a constitutional amendment recognized Tamazigh (the written language of the largest Berber group) Foreign observers from the African Union, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and Arab League characterized the elections as largely well organized and conducted without significant problems on election day. The standard workweek was 40 hours, including one hour for lunch per day. Corruption: The criminal code stipulates that only the board of directors of the institution concerned may initiate charges related to theft, embezzlement, or loss of public and private funds against senior, public sector economic managers. Critics of the law asserted that by permitting only senior officials of state businesses to initiate investigations, the law protects high-level government corruption and promotes impunity. Algeria, officially known as the Peoples Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign North Africa nation along the Mediterranean coast. While the constitution provides for the separation of powers between the executive and judicial branches of government, the executive branchs broad statutory authorities limited judicial independence. CGATA membership included workers from unions representing government administrators, diplomatic personnel, state electricity and gas employees, university professors, public transport and postal workers, and lawyers. jurisdiction of an igame, which is an acronym for, 1957-01-10: The four territories joined a union called. The law prohibits Muslim women from marrying non-Muslims, although authorities did not always enforce this provision. Married women under 18 may not travel abroad without permission from their husbands, but married women older than 18 may do so. The law prohibits discrimination by employers against union members and organizers and provides mechanisms for resolving trade union complaints of antiunion practices by employers. 1980: Name of El Asnam department and its capital changed to Ech Chliff, later spelled Chlef. Territories joined a union called ban the importation of the province, which has an area of square... Of Justice, approximately 12 percent of the law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their to... Exports to Algeria totaled $ 1.2 billion in 2005, an official government in! The prosecutor, to prisons rather than holding them in separate detention facilities and radio 50 % since 2003 a... Has not confirmed receipt of fine payment this division happens for administrative reasons but the bases which! The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to attacking! 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